What Is Ethernet & Ethernet Cable Connection?


    In this post, I would like to mention about wiring of Ethernet cable with RJ45 connector for some Ethernet-based communication protocols. This is such an important topic for an electrician/engineer to wire Ethernet cable correctly for providing good working network between industrial equipments and their peripheral of devices' communication. 
    Historically, most of industrial equipments/components have been connected through serial fieldbus protocols such as Control Area Network (CAN), Modbus®, PROFIBUS® and CC-Link. In modern industrial world, Ethernet-based communication protocols have gained more importance and popularity than old technology after the spreading Industy 4.0 and IOT(Internet Of Things) idea with offering high speed, increased connection distances, the ability to connect more nodes and reducing engineering efforts to connect the devices each others. There are many different industrial Ethernet protocols driven by various industrial equipment manufacturers. These protocols include Ether-CAT®, PROFINET®, EtherNet/IP™, and Sercos® III, among others.
    Below Figure 1, you can see an example of Ethernet Switch and Ethernet-based Network. Data flows between I/O modules, sensors, robots, motors, SCADA systems, cameras and so on.[Source]. For creating a Ethernet-based network in the name of hardware you need Ethernet cable(types of Ethernet cables can be seen from Figure 2), connectors(types of Ethernet connectors can be seen from Figure 3) and Ethernet switches.
Figure 1: Ethernet Switch & Network

Types Of Ethernet Cable:

Figure 2: Types Of Ethernet Cable

Types Of Ethernet Connector:


Figure 3: Types Of Ethernet Connector
        
    I am intending that this post will include "What Is Ethernet/IP and TCP/IP?", "What is TIA/EIA-568 & Ethernet Cable Connection?" respectively. I am planning to write an another post for Modbus TCP/IP gateways for future work.

What Is Ethernet, TCP/IP & Ethernet/IP?

  Ethernet is simple a networking technology that commonly used in Local Area Network(LAN) and Wide Area Network(WAN). "It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since retained a good deal of backward compatibility and has been refined to support higher bit rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET."[Source]
  TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol which is a set of standardized rules that allows computers/devices to communicate on a network such as the internet. Ethernet communications with TCP/IP typically are non-deterministic, and reaction time is often around 100 ms. Industrial Ethernet protocols use a modified Media Access Control (MAC) layer to achieve very low latency and deterministic responses. IP is the part that obtains the address to which data is sent. TCP is responsible for data delivery once that IP address has been found.
    Ethernet/IP is an industrial communication/networking protocol originally developed by Rockwell which has been widely used in a range of industries including factory, hybrid and process since 2000. Ethernet/IP uses the standard Ethernet, connectors and switches. It gains/enables this protocol to add many nodes(connection point) in a system. EtherNet/IP is compatible with many standard Internet and Ethernet protocols but has limited real-time and deterministic capabilities.[Source]

What Is TIA/EIA-568 & Ethernet Cable Connection?

    TIA-568 is a kind of telecommunication standard for pin/pair assignments for eight-conductor 100-ohm balanced twisted-pair cabling. These assignments are classified into two names which are T568A and T568B. You can see these two different wiring and colored diagram below Figure 4. 
Figure 4: Pin Assignment Of T-568A / T-568B

    Wiring the ends of the same cable according to the different configuration will create crossover cable. If the same configuration is used for wiring that will create straight tough cable. I made a schema for showing this two types of wiring in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Cable Configurations

    When comparing these two cables; Straight Cable usually use to connect different kinds of devices such as "Connect the computer to the switch, HUB, LAN or WAN". In besides that, Crossover Cable usually use to connect same type of devices such as "Connect two computers directly".[Source]
      As a result, ethernet based communication is mostly used in industrial automation systems actively. It makes "How to wire ethernet cable and connector" more important for automation engineer. I think, this post could be beginner step to the Ethernet concept. I am planning to add more details about different kind of communication protocols in the future posts and works.
Thanks For Reading...
Okan Okumuş
16.07.2020

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